This study primarily aims at the integrative review of four leading sport management journals regarding the way researchers identify and control for common method variance. As the extended use of self-report questionnaires is inevitable, numerous studies have provided remedies for this phenomenon. Our research also offers guidance for the promotion of rivalries, where the managerial focus should be on creating a perception that a rivalry is reciprocal.Ĭommon method variance refers to the amount of uncontrolled systematic error leading to biased estimates of scale reliability and validity and to spurious covariance shared among variables due to common method and/or common source employed in survey-based researches. Our results indicate that the prevalent conceptualization of rivalry as an identity threat should be amended by the positive consequences.
Implications: We contribute to the literature by providing a more balanced view of one of team sports’ key phenomena. These positive effects are mediated through increases in disidentification with the rival and perceived reciprocity of rivalry. However, the results also show that there are crucial positive consequences, such as higher perceptions of public collective self-esteem in relation to supporters of non-rival opponents, perceived ingroup distinctiveness and ingroup cohesion. Results and findings: In line with previous research, the results show that rivalry threatens fans’ identity as reflected in lower public collective self-esteem in relation to supporters of the rival team. Structural equation modeling provides strong support for the proposed model. Research methods: Data were collected via an on-site survey at home games of eight German Bundesliga football teams (N = 571). This research develops and empirically tests a model which captures and integrates these dual effects of rivalry.
However, theoretical arguments and empirical evidence suggest that rivalry has both negative and positive effects on fans’ self-concept. Therefore, past research has mainly focused on the negative consequences. Research question: Rivalries in team sports are commonly conceptualized as a threat to the fans’ identity.
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